1.4563 Stainless Steel
Introduce
1.4563, X1NICRMOCU31-27-4, ALLOY 28, UNS N08028 – SPECIAL STAINLESS STEEL / NICKEL ALLOY ACCORDING TO EN 10088-1, ISO 21457. 1.4563 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions.
Advantage
The grade is characterized by:
Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids
Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments
High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
Good weldability
Grade
UNS: N08028
ISO: 4563-080-28-I
EN Number: 1.4563
EN Name: X 1 NiCrMoCu 31-27-4
W.Nr.: 1.4563
DIN: X 1 NiCrMoCuN 31 27 4
SS: 2584
AFNOR: Z1NCDU31-27-03
Standards
| Seamless tube and pipe: | ASTM B 668, EN 10216-5, SEW 400 (Feb 1991), SS 14 25 84, NFA 49-217 |
| Plate, sheet and strip: | ASTM B 709, EN 10088-2, SS 14 25 84 |
| Bar steel: | EN 10088-3, EN 10272, SS 14 25 84 |
| Fittings: | ASTM A 403 (chemical composition and mechanical properties according to ASTM B668) |
Chemical composition (nominal)
| Chemical composition (nominal) % | |||||||||
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | N |
| ≤0.020 | ≤0.7 | ≤2.0 | ≤0.020 | ≤0.010 | 27 | 31 | 3.5 | 1.0 | ≤0.1 |
Heat treatment
Tubes are delivered in the heat treated condition. If another heat treatment is needed after further processing, the following is recommended.
Solution annealing
1100-1160°C (2010-2120°F), 10-30 minutes, quenching in water. Thin walled tubes can also be cooled rapidly in air.
Mechanical properties
The following values apply to solution annealed material, unless otherwise stated.
At 20°C (68°F)
| Metric units | |||||
| Proof strength | Tensile strength | Elong. | Hardness | ||
| Rp0.2a | Rp1.0a | Rm | Ab | A2″ | HRB |
| MPa | MPa | MPa | % | % | |
| ≥220 | ≥250 | 550-750 | ≥40 | ≥40 | ≤90 |
| Imperial units | |||||
| Proof strength | Tensile strength | Elong | Hardness | ||
| Rp0.2a | Rp1.0a | Rm | Ab | A2″ | HRB |
| ksi | ksi | ksi | % | % | |
| ≥32 | ≥36 | 80-109 | ≥40 | ≥40 | ≤90 |
Impact strength
Due to its austenitic microstructure, 1.4563 has very good impact strength, both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures.
Tests have demonstrated that the steel fulfils the requirements according to the European standards EN 13445-2 (UFPV-2) ( min. 60 J (44 ft-lb) at -270 oC (-455 oF)) and EN 10216-5 (min. 60 J (44 ft-lb) at -196 oC (-320oF)).
Applications
Due to its outstanding corrosion properties, 1.4563 can be used in the most diverse environments. Listed below are a few examples of applications for which this alloy is particularly suitable.
Phosphoric acid
Today, 1.4563 is the most widely used metallic material for evaporator tubes in the manufacture of phosphoric acid by the “wet ” method. Several units have now been in service for more than 10 years. The graphite heat exchangers, replaced by 1.4563, often had repeated problems with broken tubes and loss of production.
Sulphuric acid
1.4563 is a suitable material for piping and heat exchangers, particularly at concentrations of between 40 and 70% of deaerated acid and over 85%. 1.4563 has approximately the same resistance as Alloy C in concentrated acid (98% H2SO4).
Oil and gas
1.4563 is used for production tubing, casing and liners in deep, sour gas wells. The material is also recommended for oil wells with a corrosive environment. For these purposes, tubes are supplied cold rolled with high strength. In the solution annealed condition, 1.4563 is also used as piping for transporting of corrosive oil and gas and for heat exchangers in treatment facilities. 1.4563 wirelines are used for lowering tools and controlling instruments in deep oil and gas wells.
Fluoride-bearing media
Fluoride-bearing off-gases can form during the manufacture of phosphoric acid and mixed fertilizers. These off-gases must be disposed of for environmental reasons. 1.4563 is ideal for this purpose. Tests have shown it to be preferable to higher alloyed CrNiMo grades for the recovery of fluoride-bearing gypsum.
Nuclear power plants
Due to its high resistance to SCC, pitting and crevice corrosion, 1.4563 has been selected for heat exchangers in nuclear power plants.
Seawater and chloride-bearing cooling water
Its high resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion makes 1.4563 a very suitable material for seawater-carrying piping and seawater-cooled heat exchangers. This is confirmed by practical experience.
1.4563 has replaced nickel alloys, CuNi, bimetallic tubes and coated carbon steel tubes, which failed due to corrosion. The performance of 1.4563 has been excellent.
In seawater-cooled heat exchangers and heat exchangers that work with chloride-bearing cooling water, 1.4563 offers high corrosion resistance to both the water and the cooled medium.
When a seawater-cooled plant is shut down, there is no need to drain the piping system or flush with fresh water, provided that the shutdown period is shorter than one month and the water temperature is lower than 30°C (85°F).
The duplex stainless steel 2507 is more resistant than 1.4563 in sea water.
Fabrication
Bending
The excellent formability of 1.4563 permits cold bending to very small bending radii. Annealing is not normally necessary after cold bending.
For operating temperatures over 400°C (800°F), heat treatment should be carried out after bending to ensure good ductility after prolonged service times.
Expanding
1.4563 is expanded into tube sheets in the same way as standard austenitic stainless steels.
Machining
The machining of 1.4563, as with other stainless steels, requires an adjustment of tooling data and machining method, in order to achieve satisfactory results. Compared to 316/316L, the cutting speed must be reduced by approximately 50-55% when turning 1.4563 with coated, cemented carbide tools. Much the same applies to other operations. Feeds should only be reduced slightly and with care.
Detailed recommendations for the choice of tools and cutting data are provided in the brochure S-02909-ENG. Data should be selected as for steel grade Sanmac® 316/316L, while taking into account the provisions above.
Welding
The weldability of 1.4563 is good. Suitable methods of fusion welding are manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) and gas-shielded arc welding, with the TIG/GTAW method as first choice.
In common with all fully austenitic stainless steels, 1.4563 has low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion. Welding plans should therefore be carefully selected in advance, so that distortions of the welded joint are minimized. If residual stresses are a concern, solution annealing can be performed after welding.
For 1.4563, heat-input of <1.0 kJ/mm and interpass temperature of <150°C (300°F) are recommended. A string bead welding technique should be used.
Recommended filler metals
TIG/GTAW or MIG/GMAW welding
ISO 14343 S 27 31 4 Cu L/AWS A5.9 ER383 (e.g. Exaton 27.31.4.LCu)
MMA/SMAW welding
ISO 3581 E 27 31 4 Cu L R/AWS A5.4 E383-16 (e.g. Exaton 27.31.4.LCuR)
Replacements, equivalents and other designations:
1.4563, 02CH27N31M4, 02Х27Н31М4, Z2NCDU31-27, NICROFER 3127LC, ALLOY 28, UNS N08028, A31MKN, CHROMINO 1.4563, MARKER G4563M, NIROSTA 4563, PURO 1.4563, T901K, VLX928, A958, BGH 4563, MARESIST 28, MARKER IRRUBIGO 4563, NICROFER 3127LC, REMANIT 4563, TECRONIMO 28-31-4
