Introduction to AISI D2 Forged Rings
AISI D2 is a high-carbon, high-chromium cold work tool steel engineered for exceptional wear resistance, high compressive strength, and outstanding dimensional stability during heat treatment. When manufactured as a forged ring, the material benefits from controlled circumferential grain flow, refined carbide distribution, and the elimination of central porosity. This delivers superior isotropy and extended service life in high-stress applications.
At FUSHUN METAL, our D2 forged rings are produced through precise open-die forging or ring rolling, followed by controlled spheroidize annealing to ensure optimal machinability and predictable hardening response. We combine strict metallurgical control with flexible manufacturing to meet exacting tolerances and internal quality standards. Whether you need prototype rings or high-volume production, our technical team ensures every piece meets your performance requirements.
Request a QuoteIndustrial Applications
D2 forged rings are engineered for high-stress, high-wear cold working environments. Typical downstream components include:
- Circular slitting knives & rotary shear blade rings
- Cold rolling mill work rolls & backup support rings
- Blanking, punching & forming die rings
- Thread rolling dies & powder compaction tooling sleeves
- Cold pilger mill mandrels & wear-resistant guide rings
- Precision master rings, gauge bodies & industrial wear liners
- Extrusion tooling inserts & stamping die retainers
For projects requiring enhanced thermal stability or corrosion resistance, explore our heat-resisting steel and stainless steel forged ring portfolios.
Specifications & Executed Standards
D2 and its international equivalents are covered under the following recognized standards for forged ring and disc products:
- ASTM A681: Standard Specification for Tool Steels, Alloy (Covers D2 forgings and rings)
- EN ISO 4957: Tool Steels (Covers 1.2379 / X153CrMoV12 forged products)
- DIN 17350 / EN 10106: 1.2379 Tool Steel (Forged rings, bars, and discs)
- JIS G4404: Alloy Tool Steels (Covers SKD11 forged components)
- GB/T 1299: Alloy Tool Steels (Covers Cr12Mo1V1 forgings and rolled rings)
Available Sizes & Delivery Conditions
Backed by our 6,000-ton hydraulic press and GFM radial forging machine, we achieve uniform circumferential grain flow and tight dimensional control for every D2 ring.
| Parameter | Range |
|---|---|
| Outer Diameter (OD) | 150 mm – 2,000 mm |
| Inner Diameter (ID) | 80 mm – 1,800 mm |
| Wall Thickness | 30 mm – 300 mm |
| Height (Axial Length) | 30 mm – 500 mm |
Lead Time & MOQ
- Ready Stock: Common D2 ring dimensions available for immediate dispatch. Single-piece orders accepted. Delivery in approximately 7 days.
- Custom Forged/Rolled Rings: MOQ typically 3 tons. Production lead time around 30 days.
- Small-Batch Special Requirements: 3–5 tons melted via dedicated induction furnaces for flexible, low-volume projects.
- High-Volume Orders: 30–60 tons processed through high-efficiency electric arc furnace lines for accelerated turnaround and optimized pricing.
Tell us your exact dimensions and quantity—we will engineer the most efficient production route for your schedule.
Chemical Composition (Weight %)
| Element | ASTM D2 | EN 1.2379 | JIS SKD11 | GB Cr12Mo1V1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | 1.40–1.60 | 1.40–1.60 | 1.40–1.60 | 1.40–1.60 |
| Si | 0.10–0.60 | 0.10–0.60 | ≤0.40 | ≤0.60 |
| Mn | 0.20–0.60 | 0.15–0.45 | ≤0.60 | ≤0.60 |
| Cr | 11.00–13.00 | 11.00–13.00 | 11.00–13.00 | 11.00–13.00 |
| Mo | 0.70–1.20 | 0.70–1.20 | 0.80–1.20 | 0.70–1.20 |
| V | 0.70–1.20 | 0.70–1.20 | 0.20–0.50 | 0.70–1.20 |
| P | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 |
| S | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 | ≤0.030 |
Note: JIS SKD11 typically specifies a lower vanadium range, which slightly alters secondary hardening response compared to ASTM/EN/GB equivalents.
Melting & Processing Routes
We offer flexible melting routes tailored to your performance requirements and budget. Standard production utilizes EAF + LF + VD for clean steel with controlled gas and inclusion levels. For applications demanding superior isotropy, reduced carbide segregation, and enhanced fatigue life, we provide ESR or PESR remelting.
For ultra-critical tooling or aerospace-grade consistency, VIM + VAR is available upon request. Our metallurgical team will work closely with your engineers to select the optimal melting and forging combination. This ensures internal cleanliness and carbide distribution precisely match your service conditions.
Projects requiring extreme durability under cyclic loading may also benefit from our mould steel and high-speed steel forged solutions.
Mechanical Properties
Tool steels are primarily evaluated by hardness, compressive strength, and impact resistance rather than conventional tensile metrics. Data below represents typical room-temperature values for D2 forged rings.
| Condition | Hardness | Compressive Strength | Impact Toughness (Charpy V) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft Annealed | ≤ 255 HB | ~650 MPa | Not applicable |
| Hardened & Tempered (200–250°C) | 58–62 HRC | 2,200–2,500 MPa | 8–12 J |
| Hardened & Tempered (500–525°C) | 57–60 HRC | 2,000–2,300 MPa | 10–15 J |
Note: Values are typical and may vary slightly based on section size, melting route, and exact heat treatment parameters.
Heat Treatment Reference
| Process Step | Temperature / Parameter | Soak Time / Cycles | Cooling Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preheating | 650–750 °C | Until uniform | Furnace / Air |
| Austenitizing | 1010–1040 °C | 30–60 min (section dependent) | — |
| Quenching | — | — | Air / Vacuum / Oil (size dependent) |
| Tempering | 200–250 °C or 500–525 °C | Minimum 2 cycles, 2 hrs each | Air cool to room temp between cycles |
| Cryogenic (Optional) | −80 °C to −196 °C | 2–4 hrs | Air warm-up |
| Target Working Hardness | 58–62 HRC | — | — |
Surface Finish & Machining Capabilities
We supply D2 forged rings in black forged, rough machined, or precision finished conditions. Black surface rings are thoroughly descaled and ready for your in-house processing. For OD/ID turning and face milling, we achieve Ra ≤ 12.5 μm with dimensional tolerances within ±0.5 mm.
Precision grinding delivers Ra 0.8–1.6 μm and tight tolerances down to ±0.05 mm, ideal for direct assembly or final heat treatment. Full CNC machining is available for complex grooves, bolt patterns, or stepped profiles. Each finishing option is selected to minimize your secondary processing time while protecting critical dimensions.
Quality Assurance & Inspection
Quality is embedded in every production stage at FUSHUN METAL. Pre-production includes raw material verification and melting route validation. During forging, we strictly control heating curves, forging ratios (minimum 4:1), and temperature windows to prevent cracking and ensure uniform grain flow.
Post-production inspection covers 100% ultrasonic testing per ASTM A388, SEP 1921, or EN 10228-3, alongside chemical analysis, hardness testing, dimensional verification, and metallographic evaluation. Every shipment includes an EN 10204 Type 3.1 certificate (Type 3.2 available upon request). We welcome SGS, TÜV, or client-appointed third-party inspections. Our facility operates under ISO 9001 and AS9100 certified quality management systems.
Packing & Shipping
Proper packaging is critical to preserving surface integrity and dimensional accuracy during transit. Black forged rings are securely fastened with high-tensile steel strapping and wooden blocking to prevent movement and protect container walls. Bright machined or ground rings are individually wrapped in VCI paper and cushioned with protective sleeves to maintain Ra values and tight tolerances.
All products are coated with industrial-grade anti-corrosion oil, guaranteeing rust-free condition throughout ocean freight. We use fumigated wooden pallets or reinforced crates tailored to ring weight and dimensions, ensuring safe, efficient handling at your destination.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can you slice or cut D2 forged rings to my specific width or height?
Yes, we precision-saw or CNC-cut rings to your exact axial length. Annealed material allows standard band sawing, while tighter tolerances utilize CNC turning or milling to minimize waste and secondary machining time.
What is the typical hardness of D2 forged rings in the annealed delivery condition?
D2 rings are supplied soft annealed at ≤255 HB (approx. 22–24 HRC). This spheroidized structure ensures optimal machinability and provides a uniform baseline for consistent hardening response during your heat treatment.
How do you control internal defects and carbide segregation in large D2 rings?
We enforce a minimum 4:1 forging ratio and offer ESR/PESR remelting to reduce segregation. Every ring undergoes 100% ultrasonic testing and metallographic sampling to verify carbide distribution meets industry standards.
What are the standard lead times and MOQ for custom D2 forged rings?
Stock sizes ship in approximately 7 days with single-piece orders accepted. Custom forged rings typically require 30 days with a 3-ton MOQ. Small batches (3–5 tons) and high-volume orders are optimized for faster turnaround.
Ready to Source Precision D2 Forged Rings?
Tell us your dimensions, quantity, and quality requirements. Our metallurgical and production team will provide a detailed technical proposal and competitive quotation within 24 hours.
Request a Quote